And what is the significance of 2012?
The Year 2012 is a significant one for us. It is the end of the commitment to the Kyoto Protocol, as it is. Adopted in 1997, and an amendment to the International Treaty of Climate Change, the purpose of the protocol was to give industrialised countries mandatory targets to reduce their collective emissions of greenhouse gases, being carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride, hydro fluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons, by 50% of the 1990 emissions, by the middle of the 21st century. One regional economic integration organisation (EEC) and 168 countries have ratified the protocol, which became legal and binding in 2005.
In preparation for a new protocol, in May 2007, a group of business leaders and scientists gathered to form the Copenhagen Climate Council with the aim to establish a new climate treaty to come into play after 2012.
Since then there have been a series of meetings among appropriate groups and networks, all working towards a Climate Conference in Copenhagen in November this year. At the conference it is expected that a ‘Copenhagen Protocol,’ aimed to prevent global warming and climate change, will be agreed upon.
I believe that it is very important that a new protocol, following Kyoto, is necessary.
However, given this significant occasion, planned to affect our response to global warming and climate change, is it not any wonder then, that much information and propaganda has emerged?
Today, two books on this controversial subject are hot on the local marketplace.
The first, ‘Air Con – The Seriously Inconvenient Truth about Global Warming’ by the investigative journalist, Ian Wishart, has just been published.
In this easy-to-read book, Ian informs us about how much the Copenhagen Protocol will cost us – and, according to Ian, it will not be cheap. He questions the so called facts about global warming and climate change.
If you have not had time to read it yet, for a lively opinion about the Ian’s book, visit http://hot-topic.co.nz/
This website is by another author, the economist, portfolio manager, biker and public speaker, South Islander Gareth Morgan. Gareth is about to publish his own book ‘Poles Apart’ which he co-wrote with John McCrystal.
Gareth wasn’t sure if he believed in global warming or not. So he hired some of the world’s best scientists to answer his questions about the topic. ‘Poles Apart’ is the result of their answers.
Both these books appear to expound the facts about global warming and climate change, whether political, fictional or hearsay, and probably are worth the read.
However, no matter what form the Copenhagen Protocol appears in, no matter what is outlined in Ian’s, nor Gareth’s books, the truth about global warming and climate change is concealed in the earth’s glaciers.
It has always been recognised that the glaciers can tell us much about the earth’s history. In the May 1 issue of Science Magazine (on the net) there are two articles confirming this fact. The first one is:
‘The Geographic Footprint of Glacier Change’ by Greg Balco from the Berkeley Geochronology Centre in California. In it, he talks about how Alpine Glaciers offer ‘spectacular records of climate change’ and along with their deposits in the form of lakes, moraines and valleys they can reveal much information about the rises and fluctuations of the world’s temperatures before they were measured by today’s scientific instruments.
Another item in the same edition by three New Zealand Scientists is entitled
‘High-Frequency Holocene Glacier Fluctuations in New Zealand Differ from the Northern Signature.’ It talks about the research identifying the differences in the movements of glaciers in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. In both regions the land experienced their own hot and cold periods – at different times!
Over the weekend a Climate conference, attended by around 150 international scientists was held in Wellington to discuss the results of climate research completed in the southern hemisphere.
Geomorphologist Andrew Mackintosh of Victoria University, who participated in the New Zealand Glacial research projects, says that the earth will not uniformly warm up. In fact, the Franz Josef and Fox Glaciers are growing, because of the wet cool conditions weather patterns are bringing to our country.
“The more we're learning about the Southern Hemisphere we understand that it has its own climate system that's somewhat different." He is quoted as saying in the NZ Herald.
So how can we find out the truth about Global Warming and Climate Change?
Here are some websites to visit.
Visit “NZ glacier findings upset climate theory’ at
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/summary/324/5927/599
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protoco
www.erantis.com/events/denmark/copenhagen/climate-conference-2009/index.htm
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-greenhouse-hamburger
Personally, I believe that that Global Warming is a load of Codswallop.
Yes, we carelessly using the earth by over fishing, too much deforesting, creating too much waste. And too many destructive gasses. Yes, the climate is changing. Yes, climate research is important. It reveals much about the history of the earth, including when, where and how certain areas have been much hotter or colder, than they are today. And Why. For example, Greenland was named so because it was green. And the Sahara was not always a desert.
So, do we need a Copenhagen Treaty? Yes, I do believe so. It will probably cost participating countries an arm and a leg, which, at the end of the day, means you and I. But it will mean that we all, providing our country ratifies the Treaty, will have some goals about cleaning up our environmental act, to work towards.
Showing posts with label climate change. Show all posts
Showing posts with label climate change. Show all posts
Monday, May 18, 2009
Sunday, September 28, 2008
The Great Debate – what is going on in the Arctic?
by Rae Collins
Any changes in the Arctic seems to affect the climate of the whole earth, earning the area the name the “Earth’s Air conditioner.” Today there is much concern because the Far North is reportedly experiencing the” second biggest ice melt in history. The biggest apparently ever, took place last year.
However, even though satellite recording of the North Pole and Artic area which commenced in 1978, has told us much about the climatic activities in the area, there is still much debate about Climate Change/Global Warming and its impact on the Arctic and the world at large.
Here are some headlines and comments, which are currently circulating in the medias:
‘”Situation In Arctic Ice Affects Many Things Including Weather” states the www.eontarionow.com website. This article talks about the impact on wildlife and the concern that, because of receding ice in the far north, predatory species may move into new habitats and overtake resident species.
“No matter where you look at it, Arctic Ice in many areas appears to be in a death spiral,” Dr Mark Serreze says in this article.
A scientist with the National Snow and Ice Data Center located in Boulder Colorado, the agency in the United States that closely monitors and tracks the condition of Arctic ice in the far north, he is especially concerned about the ice melt in the Chukchi Sea. Situated immediately north of the Bering Straight between Alaska and Siberia, the area is home to the world’s largest population of Polar Bears. More drowning by polar bears have been reported in recent years, presumably because they have to swim further to their food sources.
The Online National Geographic Magazine states that “North Pole May Be Ice-Free for First Time This Summer” Further reading of this article suggests the writer means by between 2013 and 2030. The ‘new’ ice, which covers the sea at present, is expected melt very quickly.
“Arctic ice refuses to melt as ordered.” Steven Goddard, in an article on www.theregister.co.uk challenges the data presented by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). He says the area of the Arctic sea ice is increasing. He states that
“The Arctic melt season is nearly over for this year. And none of these dire predictions have come to pass. Yet there is, however, something odd going on with the ice data.” His article has sparked some lively debate about the accuracy and origins of data and subsequent conclusions.
It is interesting to note that a series of Arctic underwater volcanoes have erupted in violent explosions in the past decade. Hidden 2.5 miles (4,000 meters) beneath the Arctic surface, the volcanoes are up to a mile (2,000 meters) in diameter and a few hundred yards tall. They formed along the Gakkel Ridge, a 1,800 kilometers crack in the ocean crust between Greenland and Siberia where two rocky plates are spreading apart, pulling new melted rock to the surface.
It has been well documented through history, that volcanic explosions can have a huge but temporary impact on the world’s climate. For example, it is noted on the www.foxnews.com website, that over 400 years ago, a massive volcanic explosion from Huaynaputina in Peru may have been responsible for the worst famine in Russia’s history, from 1601 – 1603, exceptionally cold winters in Switzerland, Estonia and Latvia, and the wine harvest in France was late as were the blossoming of peach trees in China.
Other volcanic explosions have also been known to affect the world’s climate, including Indonesia’s Tambora in 1815, and the explosion of Lake Taupo, New Zealand in 186 AD. The ancient Romans and Greeks noticed darkened skies from this explosion.
So if explosions above the water affect the earth’s climate, how does the impact underwater volcanic activity affect it?
Alongside the concern of the rapid ice melt, there are some positive aspects.
For example, the famed, and elusive North West Passage opened for navigation, for the first time since satellite records began in 1978 (see the North West Passage Article).
And visitors may now visit a variety to destinations on cruise ships through to ice breakers. A popular but restricted destination is the Franz Josef Archipelago, the northernmost set of islands in the world. Originally used as the last post before going to the North Pole, and for scientific and wartime observations, tourists visit to observe, at extremely close hand, dozens of curious polar bears and walruses.
Students may also visit the Arctic. Every year The Cape Farewell Youth Expedition brings together 28 like minded international students, teachers, scientists and artists to study the Artic and act as ambassadors for the area.
And now it is possible to circumnavigate the North Pole for the first time ever. Soon we might be able to sail over the North Pole….
However, the debate remains. Will we, in our lifetime, see an iceless North Pole? Sooner or later? Will it be a result of Global Warming, Climate Change or something else? And what will be the impact on the rest of the world? Watch this space…..
Any changes in the Arctic seems to affect the climate of the whole earth, earning the area the name the “Earth’s Air conditioner.” Today there is much concern because the Far North is reportedly experiencing the” second biggest ice melt in history. The biggest apparently ever, took place last year.
However, even though satellite recording of the North Pole and Artic area which commenced in 1978, has told us much about the climatic activities in the area, there is still much debate about Climate Change/Global Warming and its impact on the Arctic and the world at large.
Here are some headlines and comments, which are currently circulating in the medias:
‘”Situation In Arctic Ice Affects Many Things Including Weather” states the www.eontarionow.com website. This article talks about the impact on wildlife and the concern that, because of receding ice in the far north, predatory species may move into new habitats and overtake resident species.
“No matter where you look at it, Arctic Ice in many areas appears to be in a death spiral,” Dr Mark Serreze says in this article.
A scientist with the National Snow and Ice Data Center located in Boulder Colorado, the agency in the United States that closely monitors and tracks the condition of Arctic ice in the far north, he is especially concerned about the ice melt in the Chukchi Sea. Situated immediately north of the Bering Straight between Alaska and Siberia, the area is home to the world’s largest population of Polar Bears. More drowning by polar bears have been reported in recent years, presumably because they have to swim further to their food sources.
The Online National Geographic Magazine states that “North Pole May Be Ice-Free for First Time This Summer” Further reading of this article suggests the writer means by between 2013 and 2030. The ‘new’ ice, which covers the sea at present, is expected melt very quickly.
“Arctic ice refuses to melt as ordered.” Steven Goddard, in an article on www.theregister.co.uk challenges the data presented by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). He says the area of the Arctic sea ice is increasing. He states that
“The Arctic melt season is nearly over for this year. And none of these dire predictions have come to pass. Yet there is, however, something odd going on with the ice data.” His article has sparked some lively debate about the accuracy and origins of data and subsequent conclusions.
It is interesting to note that a series of Arctic underwater volcanoes have erupted in violent explosions in the past decade. Hidden 2.5 miles (4,000 meters) beneath the Arctic surface, the volcanoes are up to a mile (2,000 meters) in diameter and a few hundred yards tall. They formed along the Gakkel Ridge, a 1,800 kilometers crack in the ocean crust between Greenland and Siberia where two rocky plates are spreading apart, pulling new melted rock to the surface.
It has been well documented through history, that volcanic explosions can have a huge but temporary impact on the world’s climate. For example, it is noted on the www.foxnews.com website, that over 400 years ago, a massive volcanic explosion from Huaynaputina in Peru may have been responsible for the worst famine in Russia’s history, from 1601 – 1603, exceptionally cold winters in Switzerland, Estonia and Latvia, and the wine harvest in France was late as were the blossoming of peach trees in China.
Other volcanic explosions have also been known to affect the world’s climate, including Indonesia’s Tambora in 1815, and the explosion of Lake Taupo, New Zealand in 186 AD. The ancient Romans and Greeks noticed darkened skies from this explosion.
So if explosions above the water affect the earth’s climate, how does the impact underwater volcanic activity affect it?
Alongside the concern of the rapid ice melt, there are some positive aspects.
For example, the famed, and elusive North West Passage opened for navigation, for the first time since satellite records began in 1978 (see the North West Passage Article).
And visitors may now visit a variety to destinations on cruise ships through to ice breakers. A popular but restricted destination is the Franz Josef Archipelago, the northernmost set of islands in the world. Originally used as the last post before going to the North Pole, and for scientific and wartime observations, tourists visit to observe, at extremely close hand, dozens of curious polar bears and walruses.
Students may also visit the Arctic. Every year The Cape Farewell Youth Expedition brings together 28 like minded international students, teachers, scientists and artists to study the Artic and act as ambassadors for the area.
And now it is possible to circumnavigate the North Pole for the first time ever. Soon we might be able to sail over the North Pole….
However, the debate remains. Will we, in our lifetime, see an iceless North Pole? Sooner or later? Will it be a result of Global Warming, Climate Change or something else? And what will be the impact on the rest of the world? Watch this space…..
Monday, June 9, 2008
245 Million-year-old Burrows of Land Vertebrates found in Antarctica
June 2008. For the first time paleontologists have found fossilized burrows of tetrapods (land vertebrates with four legs or leglike appendages) in Antarctica dating from the Early Triassic epoch, about 245 million years ago.
The fossils were created when fine sand from an overflowing river poured into the animals' burrows and hardened into casts of the open spaces. The largest preserved piece is about 14 inches long, 6 inches wide and 3 inches deep. No animal remains were found inside the burrow casts, but the hardened sediment in each burrow preserved a track made as the animals entered and exited. In addition, scratch marks from the animals' initial excavation were apparent in some places, said Christian Sidor, a University of Washington assistant professor of biology and curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture at the UW.
"We've got good evidence that these burrows were made by land-dwelling animals rather than crayfish," said Sidor, who is lead author of a paper describing the find, which is being published in the June edition of The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.
Co-authors are Molly Miller, a geology professor at Vanderbilt University, and John Isbell, a geosciences professor at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. The work was funded by the National Science Foundation.
Fossils of tetrapod bones from later in the Triassic period have been found in a section of Antarctica called Victoria Land, but the fossil burrows predate those bone fossils by at least 15 million years, Sidor said. The fossilized burrows were collected in 2003 and 2005-06 from the Fremouw Formation at Wahl Glacier and from the Lashly Formation at Allan Hills, both toward the outer edges of Antarctica.
Pangea
Despite the absence of fossil bones, the burrows' relatively small size prompted Sidor to speculate that their owners might have been small lizardlike reptiles called Procolophonids or an early mammal relative called Thrinaxodon. Burrows, some containing tetrapod bones, have previously been excavated in South Africa, which is considered to be perhaps the world's richest fossil depository, and those burrows are nearly identical to the fossils unearthed in Antarctica. During the Triassic period, Antarctica and South Africa were connected as part of a supercontinent called Pangea.
Because even at that time Antarctica was substantially colder than South Africa, and because sea levels likely were higher than today, it is much rarer to find fossils there that date from as far back as the Early Triassic.
"Everywhere has a spotty fossil record, but Antarctica has an extremely spotty fossil record because it is difficult finding exposed rocks amid all the ice," Sidor said.
Ice free Antarctic
At the time the burrows were dug, Antarctica would have been ice free. However temperatures still would have been quite cold, since both areas where the burrows were found are within the Antarctic Circle and so experience at least one day a year of complete darkness.
"We have documented that tetrapods were burrowing, making dens in Antarctica, back in the Triassic," Sidor said. "There are lots of good reasons for burrowing at high latitudes, not the least of which is protection from the elements."
The fossils were created when fine sand from an overflowing river poured into the animals' burrows and hardened into casts of the open spaces. The largest preserved piece is about 14 inches long, 6 inches wide and 3 inches deep. No animal remains were found inside the burrow casts, but the hardened sediment in each burrow preserved a track made as the animals entered and exited. In addition, scratch marks from the animals' initial excavation were apparent in some places, said Christian Sidor, a University of Washington assistant professor of biology and curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture at the UW.
"We've got good evidence that these burrows were made by land-dwelling animals rather than crayfish," said Sidor, who is lead author of a paper describing the find, which is being published in the June edition of The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.
Co-authors are Molly Miller, a geology professor at Vanderbilt University, and John Isbell, a geosciences professor at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. The work was funded by the National Science Foundation.
Fossils of tetrapod bones from later in the Triassic period have been found in a section of Antarctica called Victoria Land, but the fossil burrows predate those bone fossils by at least 15 million years, Sidor said. The fossilized burrows were collected in 2003 and 2005-06 from the Fremouw Formation at Wahl Glacier and from the Lashly Formation at Allan Hills, both toward the outer edges of Antarctica.
Pangea
Despite the absence of fossil bones, the burrows' relatively small size prompted Sidor to speculate that their owners might have been small lizardlike reptiles called Procolophonids or an early mammal relative called Thrinaxodon. Burrows, some containing tetrapod bones, have previously been excavated in South Africa, which is considered to be perhaps the world's richest fossil depository, and those burrows are nearly identical to the fossils unearthed in Antarctica. During the Triassic period, Antarctica and South Africa were connected as part of a supercontinent called Pangea.
Because even at that time Antarctica was substantially colder than South Africa, and because sea levels likely were higher than today, it is much rarer to find fossils there that date from as far back as the Early Triassic.
"Everywhere has a spotty fossil record, but Antarctica has an extremely spotty fossil record because it is difficult finding exposed rocks amid all the ice," Sidor said.
Ice free Antarctic
At the time the burrows were dug, Antarctica would have been ice free. However temperatures still would have been quite cold, since both areas where the burrows were found are within the Antarctic Circle and so experience at least one day a year of complete darkness.
"We have documented that tetrapods were burrowing, making dens in Antarctica, back in the Triassic," Sidor said. "There are lots of good reasons for burrowing at high latitudes, not the least of which is protection from the elements."
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